answer:The text material discusses various types of FACTS systems used in the U.S. Including: 1. Self- and Line-Commutated Current-Sourced Converters: These are FACTS systems that use current sourced converters and can be either line-commutated or self-commutated. 2. Static Shunt Compensators: SVC and STATCOM are FACTS systems that are used for voltage regulation in power systems. 3. Static Series Compensators: GCSC, TSSC, TCSC, and SSSC are FACTS systems that are used for various purposes such as improving power transfer capability, damping power oscillations, and reducing voltage fluctuations. 4. Static Voltage and Phase Angle Regulators: TCVR and TCPAR are FACTS systems that are used for regulating voltage and phase angle in power systems. 5. Combined Compensators: UPFC and IPFC are FACTS systems that combine multiple compensation functions and are used for various applications such as improving system stability, reducing transmission losses, and enhancing power flow control. 6. Special Purpose Facts Controllers: NGH-SSR Damping Scheme and Thyristor-Controlled Braking Resistor are FACTS systems that are designed for specific applications such as damping low-frequency oscillations and providing dynamic braking.

answer:Sure, there are various practical applications of FACTS systems in the U.S. Here are a few examples: 1. SVC and STATCOM: These systems are commonly used in the U.S. To provide voltage support and reactive power compensation to heavily loaded transmission lines, particularly during peak demand periods. For example, STATCOMs have been installed on the Pacific DC Intertie in the Western U.S. To provide voltage control and improve power transfer capability. 2. SSSC: SSSCs have been used in the U.S. To damp power system oscillations and improve power transfer capability. For example, an SSSC was installed on the New York Power Authority's Marcy-South Series Compensation Project to improve voltage stability and reduce transmission losses. 3. UPFC: UPFCs have been used in several applications in the U.S., including power flow control, voltage regulation, and stability enhancement. For example, an UPFC was installed on the Arizona Public Service Company's Hassayampa-Nina 500 kV transmission line to improve power transfer capability and reduce transmission losses. 4. TCVR and TCPAR: These systems are commonly used in the U.S. To regulate voltage and phase angle on transmission lines, particularly during periods of heavy loading or when dealing with system disturbances. For example, TCVRs and TCPARs have been installed on the Bonneville Power Administration's Pacific Northwest-Southwest Intertie to mitigate voltage fluctuations and improve power transfer capability. Overall, FACTS systems are used extensively in the U.S. To improve power system performance, increase reliability, and enhance power flow control.

answer:Yes, the NGH-SSR (Negative Group Delay Hybrid Synchronous Series Resonance) Damping Scheme is a special-purpose FACTS controller designed for power system damping applications. It is used to mitigate low-frequency oscillations in the power system network. The NGH-SSR damping scheme uses the principles of negative group delay and synchronous resonance to provide damping control. It consists of a series-connected capacitor-inductor (LC) filter that is connected in parallel with a semiconductor device. This arrangement creates a resonance circuit that can be selectively tuned to the frequency of the system oscillations. When the oscillation frequency matches the resonance frequency, the NGH-SSR damping scheme provides a negative impedance, which is equivalent to applying an additional damping torque to the system. This has the effect of reducing the oscillation amplitude and improving the stability of the power system. The NGH-SSR damping scheme has been applied in several real-world power system damping applications in the U.S. For example, it has been used on the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) transmission system to mitigate oscillations caused by system disturbances. Overall, the NGH-SSR damping scheme is an effective approach to damping low-frequency oscillations in the power system, which can improve system stability and reliability.

answer:Yes, GCSCs (GTO-based Controlled Series Capacitor) are one type of FACTS systems that are used in the U.S. To improve power transfer capability in high-voltage transmission systems. GCSCs are series-connected capacitors that are controlled by GTO (Gate Turn-Off) thyristors. The thyristors are used to switch the capacitors in and out of the circuit, which changes the effective impedance of the transmission line. By continuously adjusting the impedance, the GCSC can help to control power flow, stabilize the system, and increase power transfer capability. In practice, GCSCs are often installed on heavily-loaded transmission lines where there is significant reactive power demand. By injecting or absorbing reactive power, GCSCs can help to maintain a stable voltage profile and reduce transmission losses. They can also be used to mitigate power system oscillations and improve system damping. One example of a GCSC installation in the U.S. Is the Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA) McNary-John Day transmission line. This GCSC installation was designed to increase the power transfer capability of the line by up to 15%, which represented a significant increase in transmission capacity in the Pacific Northwest region. Overall, GCSCs are an effective tool for improving power transfer capability and enhancing power system stability, and they are increasingly being adopted in the U.S. Transmission grid.